Explain how does Python memory management work?

Python memory management is a complex but automated system that handles the allocation and deallocation of memory during the execution of a program. Here's a detailed explanation of how memory management works in Python:

Python's Memory Management Model

Private Heap Space

Python maintains a private heap containing all Python objects and data structures[1][7][8]. The management of this private heap is handled internally by the Python memory manager, which ensures that the programmer does not have access to this heap. The allocation of heap space for Python objects is done by Python’s memory manager, thus abstracting the complexity of memory allocation from the developer[1].

Memory Allocators

Python employs several memory allocators to manage memory allocation more efficiently. These include the Object Allocator, Object-specific Allocator, Raw Memory Allocator, and General Purpose Allocator[1]. These allocators help manage different aspects of memory operations, from allocating memory for small objects to handling larger blocks of memory.

Memory Blocks: Arenas, Pools, and Blocks

To optimize memory allocation and deallocation for small objects (typically less than 512 bytes), Python uses a system of Arenas, Pools, and Blocks[1]. This system helps reduce the overhead and fragmentation caused by frequent allocations and deallocations of small objects.

Garbage Collection Mechanisms

Reference Counting

One of the primary mechanisms Python uses for memory management is reference counting. This method counts the number of references to each object in the system; when an object’s reference count drops to zero (meaning no references to the object remain), the associated memory can be freed[1][9]. This immediate cleanup helps prevent memory from being unnecessarily occupied.

Generational Garbage Collection

In addition to reference counting, Python implements a generational garbage collection system, which is particularly effective in collecting memory from cyclic references[1][5]. This system is divided into three "generations" where newly created objects start...