Deadlock and Livelock are both concurrency issues that can occur in multi-threaded or multi-process systems, but they have distinct characteristics and behaviors.
Deadlock
A deadlock is a situation where two or more processes are unable to proceed because each is waiting for the other to release a resource. This results in a complete standstill where none of the processes can make any progress. The key characteristics of a deadlock are:
Mutual Exclusion: At least one resource must be held in a non-sharable mode.
Hold and Wait: A process holding at least one resource is waiting to acquire additional resources held by other processes.
No Preemption: Resources cannot be forcibly taken from processes holding them.
Circular Wait: A set of processes are waiting for each other in a circular chain.
For example, consider two processes, A and B. Process A holds resource X and needs resource Y to proceed, while process B holds resource Y and needs resource X. Both processes are waiting indefinitely for the other to release the resource, resulting in a deadlock[1][2][3][4].
Livelock
A livelock is similar to a deadlock in that processes are unable to make progress. However, in a livelock, the processes are not blocked; instead, they continuously change their state in response to each other without making any actual progress. The key characteristics of a livelock are:
Processes are actively trying to resolve the conflict but end up in a loop of state changes.
