Declaring class members (fields, properties, methods) with appropriate access modifiers to control their visibility and accessibility. The most commonly used access modifiers are:
private: accessible only within the same class
protected: accessible within the same class and derived classes
internal: accessible within the same assembly
public: accessible from anywhere[1][4]
Providing public properties to access and manipulate private fields. Properties consist of a getter and a setter method that control how the field is accessed and modified. This allows you to enforce validation rules and maintain data integrity[1][3][5].
Hiding implementation details from the outside world. By making fields private and exposing them through public properties, you can change the internal implementation without affecting the client code that uses the class[3][4].
Here's an example of how encapsulation is implemented using properties in C#:
public class BankAccount
{
private decimal _balance;
public decimal Balance
{
get { return _balance; ...
